Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 (2023)

Wiens, K. E., Lindstedt, P. A., Blacker, B. F., Johnson, K. B., Baumann, M. M., Schaeffer, L. E., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abejie, A. N., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Accrombessi, M. M. K., Acharya, D., Adabi, M., Adamu, A. A., ... Reiner, R. C. (2020). Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17. The Lancet Global Health, 8(8), e1038-e1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8

Wiens, Kirsten E. ; Lindstedt, Paulina A. ; Blacker, Brigette F. et al. / Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17. In: The Lancet Global Health. 2020 ; Vol. 8, No. 8. pp. e1038-e1060.

@article{a83bf2946d1343ae842bbe97ebdacf8a,

title = "Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17",

abstract = "Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.",

author = "Wiens, {Kirsten E.} and Lindstedt, {Paulina A.} and Blacker, {Brigette F.} and Johnson, {Kimberly B.} and Baumann, {Mathew M.} and Schaeffer, {Lauren E.} and Hedayat Abbastabar and Foad Abd-Allah and Ahmed Abdelalim and Ibrahim Abdollahpour and Abegaz, {Kedir Hussein} and Abejie, {Ayenew Negesse} and Abreu, {Lucas Guimar{\~a}es} and Abrigo, {Michael R.M.} and Ahmed Abualhasan and Accrombessi, {Manfred Mario Kokou} and Dilaram Acharya and Maryam Adabi and Adamu, {Abdu A.} and Adebayo, {Oladimeji M.} and Adedoyin, {Rufus Adesoji} and Victor Adekanmbi and Adetokunboh, {Olatunji O.} and Adhena, {Beyene Meressa} and Mohsen Afarideh and Sohail Ahmad and Keivan Ahmadi and Ahmed, {Anwar E.} and Ahmed, {Muktar Beshir} and Rushdia Ahmed and Akalu, {Temesgen Yihunie} and Fares Alahdab and Ziyad Al-Aly and Noore Alam and Samiah Alam and Alamene, {Genet Melak} and Alanzi, {Turki M.} and Alcalde-Rabanal, {Jacqueline Elizabeth} and Ali, {Beriwan Abdulqadir} and Mehran Alijanzadeh and Vahid Alipour and Aljunid, {Syed Mohamed} and Ali Almasi and Amir Almasi-Hashiani and Al-Mekhlafi, {Hesham M.} and Altirkawi, {Khalid A.} and Nelson Alvis-Guzman and Alvis-Zakzuk, {Nelson J.} and Saeed Amini and Amit, {Arianna Maever L.} and Andrei, {Catalina Liliana} and Mina Anjomshoa and Amir Anoushiravani and Fereshteh Ansari and Antonio, {Carl Abelardo T.} and Benny Antony and Ernoiz Antriyandarti and Jalal Arabloo and Aref, {Hany Mohamed Amin} and Olatunde Aremu and Bahram Armoon and Amit Arora and Aryal, {Krishna K.} and Afsaneh Arzani and Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi and Atalay, {Hagos Tasew} and Athari, {Seyyed Shamsadin} and Athari, {Seyyede Masoume} and Atre, {Sachin R.} and Marcel Ausloos and Nefsu Awoke and {Ayala Quintanilla}, {Beatriz Paulina} and Getinet Ayano and Ayanore, {Martin Amogre} and {Aynalem IV}, {Yared Asmare} and Samad Azari and Azzopardi, {Peter S.} and Ebrahim Babaee and Babalola, {Tesleem Kayode} and Alaa Badawi and Mohan Bairwa and Bakkannavar, {Shankar M.} and Senthilkumar Balakrishnan and Bali, {Ayele Geleto} and Maciej Banach and Banoub, {Joseph Adel Mattar} and Aleksandra Barac and B{\"a}rnighausen, {Till Winfried} and Huda Basaleem and Sanjay Basu and Bay, {Vo Dinh} and Mohsen Bayati and Estifanos Baye and Neeraj Bedi and Beheshti, {Mahya Mahya Beheshti} and Masoud Behzadifar and Meysam Behzadifar and Bekele, {Bayu Begashaw} and Belayneh, {Yaschilal Muche} and Bell, {Michellr L.} and Bennett, {Derrick A.} and Berbada, {Dessalegn Ajema} and Bernstein, {Robert S.} and Bhat, {Anusha Ganapati} and Krittika Bhattacharyya and Suraj Bhattarai and Soumyadeep Bhaumik and Bhutta, {Zulfiqar A.} and Ali Bijani and Boris Bikbov and {Birihane IV}, {Binyam Minuye} and Biswas, {Raaj Kishore} and Somayeh Bohlouli and {Bojia I}, {Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa} and Soufiane Boufous and Brady, {Oliver J.} and Bragazzi, {Nicola Luigi} and Briko, {Andrey Nikolaevich} and Briko, {Nikolay Ivanovich} and Britton, {Gabrielle B.} and {Burugina Nagaraja}, Sharath and Reinhard Busse and Butt, {Zahid A.} and C{\'a}mera, {Luis LA Alberto} and Campos-Nonato, {Ismael R.} and Jorge Cano and Josip Car and Rosario C{\'a}rdenas and Felix Carvalho and Casta{\~n}eda-Orjuela, {Carlos A.} and Franz Castro and Chanie, {Wagaye Fentahun} and Pranab Chatterjee and Chattu, {Vijay Kumar} and Chichiabellu, {Tesfaye Yitna Yitna} and Chin, {Ken Lee} and Christopher, {Devasahayam J.} and Chu, {Dinh Toi} and Cormier, {Natalie Maria} and Costa, {Vera Marisa} and Carlos Culquichicon and Daba, {Matiwos Soboka} and Giovanni Damiani and Lalit Dandona and Rakhi Dandona and Dang, {Anh Kim} and Darwesh, {Aso Mohammad} and Darwish, {Amira Hamed} and Ahmad Daryani and Das, {Jai K.} and {Das Gupta}, Rajat and Dash, {Aditya Prasad} and Gail Davey and D{\'a}vila-Cervantes, {Claudio Alberto} and Davis, {Adrian C.} and Davitoiu, {Dragos Virgil} and {De la Hoz}, {Fernando Pio} and Demis, {Asmamaw Bizuneh} and Demissie, {Dereje Bayissa} and Demissie, {Getu Debalkie} and Demoz, {Gebre Teklemariam} and Edgar Denova-Guti{\'e}rrez and Kebede Deribe and Assefa Desalew and Aniruddha Deshpande and Dharmaratne, {Samath Dhamminda} and Preeti Dhillon and Meghnath Dhimal and Dhungana, {Govinda Prasad} and Daniel Diaz and Dipeolu, {Isaac Oluwafemi} and Shirin Djalalinia and Doyle, {Kerrie E.} and Eleonora Dubljanin and Bereket Duko and Duraes, {Andre Rodrigues} and {Ebrahimi Kalan}, Mohammad and Edinur, {Hisham Atan} and Andem Effiong and Aziz Eftekhari and {El Nahas}, Nevine and {El Sayed}, Iman and {El Sayed Zaki}, Maysaa and {El Tantawi}, Maha and {Elema I}, {Teshome Bekele} and Elhabashy, {Hala Rashad} and El-Jaafary, {Shaimaa I.} and Hajer Elkout and Aisha Elsharkawy and Elyazar, {Iqbal RF} and Aklilu Endalamaw and Endalew, {Daniel Adane} and Sharareh Eskandarieh and Alireza Esteghamati and Sadaf Esteghamati and Arash Etemadi and Oluchi Ezekannagha and Mohammad Fareed and Roghiyeh Faridnia and Farshad Farzadfar and Mehdi Fazlzadeh and Feigin, {Valery L.} and Fereshtehnejad, {Seyed Mohammad} and Eduarda Fernandes and Irina Filip and Florian Fischer and Foigt, {Nataliya A.} and Folayan, {Morenike Oluwatoyin} and Masoud Foroutan and Franklin, {Richard Charles} and Takeshi Fukumoto and Gad, {Mohamed M.} and Gayesa, {Reta Tsegaye} and Teshome Gebre and Gebremedhin, {Ketema Bizuwork} and Gebremeskel, {Gebreamlak Gebremedhn} and Gesesew, {Hailay Abrha} and Gezae, {Kebede Embaye} and Keyghobad Ghadiri and Ahmad Ghashghaee and Ghimire, {Pramesh Raj} and Gill, {Paramjit Singh} and Gill, {Tiffany K.} and Ginindza, {Themba G.G.} and Gomes, {Nelson G.M.} and Gopalani, {Sameer Vali} and Goulart, {Alessandra C.} and Goulart, {B{\'a}rbara Niegia Garcia} and Ayman Grada and Gubari, {Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen} and Gugnani, {Harish Chander} and Davide Guido and Guimar{\~a}es, {Rafael Alves} and Yuming Guo and Rajeev Gupta and Nima Hafezi-Nejad and Haile, {Dessalegn H.} and Hailu, {Gessessew Bugssa} and Arvin Haj-Mirzaian and Arya Haj-Mirzaian and Hamadeh, {Randah R.} and Samer Hamidi and Handiso, {Demelash Woldeyohannes} and Hamidreza Haririan and Ninuk Hariyani and Hasaballah, {Ahmed I.} and Hasan, {Md Mehedi} and Edris Hasanpoor and Amir Hasanzadeh and Hadi Hassankhani and Hassen, {Hamid Yimam} and Hegazy, {Mohamed I.} and Behzad Heibati and Behnam Heidari and Delia Hendrie and Henry, {Nathaniel J.} and Claudiu Herteliu and Fatemeh Heydarpour and {Hidru I}, {Hagos Degefa de} and Hird, {Thomas R.} and Hoang, {Chi Linh} and {Homaie Rad}, Enayatollah and Praveen Hoogar and Mohammad Hoseini and Naznin Hossain and Mostafa Hosseini and Mehdi Hosseinzadeh and Mowafa Househ and Mohamed Hsairi and Guoqing Hu and Hussen, {Mohammedaman Mama} and Ibitoye, {Segun Emmanuel} and Igumbor, {Ehimario U.} and Ilesanmi, {Olayinka Stephen} and Ilic, {Milena D.} and Imani-Nasab, {Mohammad Hasan} and Usman Iqbal and Irvani, {Seyed Sina Naghibi} and Islam, {Sheikh Mohammed Shariful} and Iwu, {Chinwe Juliana} and Neda Izadi and Anelisa Jaca and Nader Jahanmehr and Mihajlo Jakovljevic and Amir Jalali and Jayatilleke, {Achala Upendra} and Jha, {Ravi Prakash} and Vivekanand Jha and Ji, {John S.} and Jonas, {Jost B.} and Jozwiak, {Jacek Jerzy} and Ali Kabir and Zubair Kabir and Amaha Kahsay and Hamed Kalani and Tanuj Kanchan and {Karami Matin}, Behzad and Andr{\'e} Karch and Karim, {Mohd Anisul} and Hamidreza Karimi-Sari and Surendra Karki and Amir Kasaeian and Kasahun, {Gebremicheal Gebreslassie} and Kasahun, {Yawukal chane} and Kasaye, {Habtamu Kebebe} and Kassa, {Gebrehiwot G.} and Kassa, {Getachew Mullu} and Kayode, {Gbenga A.} and {Kazemi Karyani}, Ali and Kebede, {Mihiretu M.} and Keiyoro, {Peter Njenga} and Kelbore, {Abraham Getachew} and Kengne, {Andre Pascal} and Ketema, {Daniel Bekele} and Khader, {Yousef Saleh} and Khafaie, {Morteza Abdullatif} and Nauman Khalid and Rovshan Khalilov and Khan, {Ejaz Ahmad} and Junaid Khan and {Khan I}, {Md Nuruzzaman} and Khan, {Muhammad Shahzeb} and Khaled Khatab and Khater, {Amir M.} and Khater, {Mona M.} and Maryam Khayamzadeh and Mohammad Khazaei and Salman Khazaei and Khosravi, {Mohammad Hossein} and Jagdish Khubchandani and Ali Kiadaliri and Kim, {Yun Jin} and Kimokoti, {Ruth W.} and Adnan Kisa and Sezer Kisa and Niranjan Kissoon and KMShivakumar, {Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M.} and Sonali Kochhar and Tufa Kolola and Hamidreza Komaki and Soewarta Kosen and Koul, {Parvaiz A.} and Ai Koyanagi and Kraemer, {Moritz U.G.} and Kewal Krishan and Nuworza Kugbey and Kumar, {G. Anil} and Manasi Kumar and Pushpendra Kumar and Vivek Kumar and Dian Kusuma and {La Vecchia}, Carlo and Ben Lacey and Lad, {Sheetal D.} and Lal, {Dharmesh Kumar} and Felix Lam and Lami, {Faris Hasan} and Prabhat Lamichhane and Lansingh, {Van Charles} and Savita Lasrado and Avula Laxmaiah and Lee, {Paul H.} and LeGrand, {Kate E.} and Mostafa Leili and Lenjebo, {Tsegaye Lolaso} and Leshargie, {Cheru Tesema} and Levine, {Aubrey J.} and Shanshan Li and Shai Linn and Shiwei Liu and Simin Liu and Rakesh Lodha and Joshua Longbottom and Lopez, {Jaifred Christian F.} and {Magdy Abd El Razek}, Hassan and {Magdy Abd El Razek}, Muhammed and {Mahadeshwara Prasad}, {D. R.} and Mahasha, {Phetole Walter} and Mahotra, {Narayan B.} and Azeem Majeed and Reza Malekzadeh and Malta, {Deborah Carvalho} and Mamun, {Abdullah A.} and Navid Manafi and Manda, {Ana Laura} and Manohar, {Narendar Dawani Dawanu} and Mansournia, {Mohammad Ali} and Mapoma, {Chabila Christopher} and Maravilla, {Joemer C.} and Gabriel Martinez and Santi Martini and Martins-Melo, {Francisco Rogerl{\^a}ndio} and Anthony Masaka and Massenburg, {Benjamin Ballard} and Mathur, {Manu Raj} and Mayala, {Benjamin K.} and Mohsen Mazidi and Colm McAlinden and Meharie, {Birhanu Geta} and Mehndiratta, {Man Mohan} and Mehta, {Kala M.} and Mekonnen, {Tefera C.Chane} and Meles, {Gebrekiros Gebremichael} and Memiah, {Peter T.N.} and Memish, {Ziad A.} and Walter Mendoza and Menezes, {Ritesh G.} and Mereta, {Seid Tiku} and Meretoja, {Tuomo J.} and Tomislav Mestrovic and Bartosz Miazgowski and Mihretie, {Kebadnew Mulatu} and Miller, {Ted R.} and Mini, {G. K.} and Mirrakhimov, {Erkin M.} and Babak Moazen and Bahram Mohajer and Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad and Mohammad, {Dara K.} and Mohammad, {Karzan Abdulmuhsin} and Yousef Mohammad and {Mohammad Gholi Mezerji}, Naser and Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh and Noushin Mohammadifard and Mohammed, {Jemal Abdu} and Shafiu Mohammed and Farnam Mohebi and Mokdad, {Ali H.} and Mariam Molokhia and Lorenzo Monasta and Yoshan Moodley and Moore, {Catrin E.} and Ghobad Moradi and Masoud Moradi and Mohammad Moradi-Joo and Maziar Moradi-Lakeh and Paula Moraga and Linda Morales and {Moreno Vel{\'a}squez}, Ilais and Abbas Mosapour and Simin Mouodi and Mousavi, {Seyyed Meysam} and {Mozaffor I}, Miliva and Muchie, {Kindie Fentahun} and Mulaw, {Getahun Fentaw} and Munro, {Sandra B.} and Muriithi, {Moses K.} and Murray, {Christopher J.L.} and Murthy, {G. V.S.} and Musa, {Kamarul Imran} and Ghulam Mustafa and Saravanan Muthupandian and Nabhan, {Ashraf F.} and Mehdi Naderi and Nagarajan, {Ahamarshan Jayaraman} and Naidoo, {Kovin S.} and Gurudatta Naik and Farid Najafi and Vinay Nangia and Nansseu, {Jobert Richie} and Nascimento, {Bruno Ramos} and Javad Nazari and Ndwandwe, {Duduzile Edith} and Ionut Negoi and Netsere, {Henok Biresaw Netsere} and Ngunjiri, {Josephine W.} and Nguyen, {Cuong Tat} and Nguyen, {Huong Lan Thi} and Nguyen, {Trang Huyen} and Dabere Nigatu and Nigatu, {Solomon Gedlu} and Ningrum, {Dina Nur Anggraini} and Nnaji, {Chukwudi A.} and Marzieh Nojomi and Nong, {Vuong Minh} and Norheim, {Ole F.} and Noubiap, {Jean Jacques} and {Nouraei Motlagh}, Soraya and Bogdan Oancea and Ogah, {Okechukwu Samuel} and Ogbo, {Felix Akpojene} and Oh, {In Hwan} and Olagunju, {Andrew T.} and Olagunju, {Tinuke O.} and Olusanya, {Bolajoko Olubukunola} and Olusanya, {Jacob Olusegun} and Onwujekwe, {Obinna E.} and Eyal Oren and Ortega-Altamirano, {Doris V.V.} and Osayomwanbo Osarenotor and Osei, {Frank B.} and Owolabi, {Mayowa O.} and {P A}, Mahesh and Padubidri, {Jagadish Rao} and Smita Pakhale and Patel, {Sangram Kishor} and Paternina-Caicedo, {Angel J.} and Ashish Pathak and Patton, {George C.} and Deepak Paudel and Kebreab Paulos and Pepito, {Veincent Christian Filipino} and Alexandre Pereira and Norberto Perico and Aslam Pervaiz and Pescarini, {Julia Moreira} and Bakhtiar Piroozi and Meghdad Pirsaheb and Postma, {Maarten J.} and Hadi Pourjafar and Farshad Pourmalek and Akram Pourshams and Hossein Poustchi and Prada, {Sergio I.} and Narayan Prasad and Liliana Preotescu and Hedley Quintana and Navid Rabiee and Amir Radfar and Alireza Rafiei and Fakher Rahim and Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar and Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Rahman, {Mohammad Hifz Ur} and Rahman, {Muhammad Aziz} and SHAFIUR Rahman and Fatemeh Rajati and Rana, {Saleem Muhammad} and Ranabhat, {Chhabi Lal} and Davide Rasella and Rawaf, {David Laith} and Salman Rawaf and Lal Rawal and Rawasia, {Wasiq Faraz} and Vishnu Renjith and Renzaho, {Andre M.N.} and Serge Resnikoff and Reta, {Melese Abate} and Negar Rezaei and Rezai, {Mohammad sadegh} and Riahi, {Seyed Mohammad} and Ribeiro, {Ana Isabel} and Jennifer Rickard and Maria Rios-Blancas and Leonardo Roever and Luca Ronfani and Roro, {Elias Merdassa} and Ross, {Jennifer M.} and Enrico Rubagotti and Salvatore Rubino and Saad, {Anas M.} and Sabde, {Yogesh Damodar} and Siamak Sabour and Ehsan Sadeghi and Yahya Safari and Roya Safari-Faramani and Rajesh Sagar and Amirhossein Sahebkar and Sahraian, {Mohammad Ali} and Sajadi, {S. Mohammad} and Salahshoor, {Mohammad Reza} and Nasir Salam and Payman Salamati and Hosni Salem and {Salem I}, {Marwa R.Rashad} and Yahya Salimi and Hamideh Salimzadeh and Samy, {Abdallah M.} and Juan Sanabria and Santric-Milicevic, {Milena M.} and {Sao Jose}, {Bruno Piassi} and Saraswathy, {Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer} and Kaushik Sarkar and Sarker, {Abdur Razzaque} and {Sarrafzadegan I}, Nizal and Benn Sartorius and Brijesh Sathian and Thirunavukkarasu Sathish and Monika Sawhney and Sonia Saxena and Schwebel, {David C.} and {Senbeta IV}, {Anbissa Muleta} and Subramanian Senthilkumaran and Sepanlou, {Sadaf G.} and Edson Serv{\'a}n-Mori and Hosein Shabaninejad and Azadeh Shafieesabet and Shaikh, {Masood Ali} and Shalash, {Ali S.} and Shallo, {Seifadin Ahmed} and Mehran Shams-Beyranvand and Shamsi, {Mohammad Bagher} and Morteza Shamsizadeh and Mohammed Shannawaz and Kiomars Sharafi and Hamid Sharifi and Shehata, {Hatem Samir} and Aziz Sheikh and Shetty, {B. Suresh Kumar} and Kenji Shibuya and Shiferaw, {Wondimeneh Shibabaw} and Shifti, {Desalegn Markos} and Mika Shigematsu and Shin, {Jae Il} and Rahman Shiri and Reza Shirkoohi and Soraya Siabani and Siddiqi, {Tariq Jamal} and Silva, {Diego Augusto Santos} and Ambrish Singh and Singh, {Jasvinder A.} and Singh, {Narinder Pal} and Virendra Singh and Sisay, {Malede Mequanent} and Eirini Skiadaresi and Sobhiyeh, {Mohammad Reza} and Anton Sokhan and Shahin Soltani and Ranjani Somayaji and Moslem Soofi and Sorrie, {Muluken Bekele} and Soyiri, {Ireneous N.} and Sreeramareddy, {Chandrashekhar T.} and Agus Sudaryanto and Sufiyan, {Mu'awiyyah Babale} and Suleria, {Hafiz Ansar Rasul} and Marufa Sultana and Sunguya, {Bruno Fokas} and Sykes, {Bryan L.} and Rafael Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos and Takahiro Tabuchi and Tadesse, {Degena Bahrey} and Tarigan, {Ingan Ukur} and Tasew, {Aberash Abay} and Tefera, {Yonatal Mesfin} and Tekle, {Merhawi Gebremedhin} and Temsah, {Mohamad Hani} and {Tesfay I}, {Berhe Etsay} and Tesfay, {Fisaha Haile Haile} and Belay Tessema and Tessema, {Zemenu Tadesse} and Thankappan, {Kavumpurathu Raman} and Nihal Thomas and Toma, {Alemayehu Toma} and Roman Topor-Madry and Tovani-Palone, {Marcos Roberto Roberto} and Eugenio Traini and Tran, {Bach Xuan} and Tran, {Khanh Bao} and Irfan Ullah and Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan and Usman, {Muhammad Shariq} and Uzochukwu, {Benjamin S.Chudi} and Valdez, {Pascual R.} and Santosh Varughese and Violante, {Francesco S.} and Sebastian Vollmer and W/hawariat, {Feleke Gebremeskel} and Yasir Waheed and Wallin, {Mitchell Taylor} and Yafeng Wang and Wang, {Yuan Pang} and Marcia Weaver and Weji, {Bedilu Girma} and Weldesamuel, {Girmay Teklay} and Welgan, {Catherine A.} and Andrea Werdecker and Ronny Westerman and Taweewat Wiangkham and Wiysonge, {Charles Shey} and Wolde, {Haileab Fekadu} and Wondafrash, {Dawit Zewdu} and Wonde, {Tewodros Eshete} and Worku, {Getasew Taddesse} and Wu, {Ai Min} and Gelin Xu and Ali Yadollahpour and {Yahyazadeh Jabbari}, {Seyed Hossein} and Tomohide Yamada and Hiroshi Yatsuya and Alex Yeshaneh and Yilgwan, {Christopher Sabo} and Yilma, {Mekdes Tigistu} and Paul Yip and Engida Yisma and Naohiro Yonemoto and Yoon, {Seok Jun} and Younis, {Mustafa Z.} and Mahmoud Yousefifard and Yousof, {Hebat Allah Salah A.} and Chuanhua Yu and Hasan Yusefzadeh and Siddhesh Zadey and Zoubida Zaidi and Zaman, {Sojib Bin} and Mohammad Zamani and Hamed Zandian and Zepro, {Nejimu Biza} and Zerfu, {Taddese Alemu} and Yunquan Zhang and Zhao, {Xiu Ju George} and Arash Ziapour and Sanjay Zodpey and Zuniga, {Yves Miel H.} and Hay, {Simon I.} and Reiner, {Robert C.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordena{\c c}{\~a}o de Aperfei{\c c}oamento de Pessoal de N{\'i}vel Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient{\'i}fico e Tecnol{\'o}gico and Funda{\c c}{\~a}o de Amparo {\`a} Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W B{\"a}rnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n (SNI) de la Secretar{\'i}a Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog{\'i}a e Innovaci{\'o}n (SENACYT) of Panam{\'a}. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Funda{\c c}{\~a}o para a Ci{\^e}ncia e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transit{\'o}ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Minist{\'e}rio da Ci{\^e}ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Vel{\'a}squez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n (SENACYT, Panam{\'a}). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Editorial note: the Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Funding Information: This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordena{\c c}{\~a}o de Aperfei{\c c}oamento de Pessoal de N{\'i}vel Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient{\'i}fico e Tecnol{\'o}gico and Funda{\c c}{\~a}o de Amparo {\`a} Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W B{\"a}rnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n (SNI) de la Secretar{\'i}a Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog{\'i}a e Innovaci{\'o}n (SENACYT) of Panam{\'a}. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Funda{\c c}{\~a}o para a Ci{\^e}ncia e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transit{\'o}ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Minist{\'e}rio da Ci{\^e}ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Vel{\'a}squez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigaci{\'o}n (SENACYT, Panam{\'a}). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license",

year = "2020",

month = aug,

doi = "10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8",

language = "English",

volume = "8",

pages = "e1038--e1060",

journal = "The Lancet Global Health",

issn = "2214-109X",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

number = "8",

}

Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17. / Wiens, Kirsten E.; Lindstedt, Paulina A.; Blacker, Brigette F. et al.

In: The Lancet Global Health, Vol. 8, No. 8, 08.2020, p. e1038-e1060.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

AU - Wiens, Kirsten E.

AU - Lindstedt, Paulina A.

AU - Blacker, Brigette F.

AU - Johnson, Kimberly B.

AU - Baumann, Mathew M.

AU - Schaeffer, Lauren E.

AU - Abbastabar, Hedayat

AU - Abd-Allah, Foad

AU - Abdelalim, Ahmed

AU - Abdollahpour, Ibrahim

AU - Abegaz, Kedir Hussein

AU - Abejie, Ayenew Negesse

AU - Abreu, Lucas Guimarães

AU - Abrigo, Michael R.M.

AU - Abualhasan, Ahmed

AU - Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou

AU - Acharya, Dilaram

AU - Adabi, Maryam

AU - Adamu, Abdu A.

AU - Adebayo, Oladimeji M.

AU - Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji

AU - Adekanmbi, Victor

AU - Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.

AU - Adhena, Beyene Meressa

AU - Afarideh, Mohsen

AU - Ahmad, Sohail

AU - Ahmadi, Keivan

AU - Ahmed, Anwar E.

AU - Ahmed, Muktar Beshir

AU - Ahmed, Rushdia

AU - Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie

AU - Alahdab, Fares

AU - Al-Aly, Ziyad

AU - Alam, Noore

AU - Alam, Samiah

AU - Alamene, Genet Melak

AU - Alanzi, Turki M.

AU - Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth

AU - Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir

AU - Alijanzadeh, Mehran

AU - Alipour, Vahid

AU - Aljunid, Syed Mohamed

AU - Almasi, Ali

AU - Almasi-Hashiani, Amir

AU - Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.

AU - Altirkawi, Khalid A.

AU - Alvis-Guzman, Nelson

AU - Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.

AU - Amini, Saeed

AU - Amit, Arianna Maever L.

AU - Andrei, Catalina Liliana

AU - Anjomshoa, Mina

AU - Anoushiravani, Amir

AU - Ansari, Fereshteh

AU - Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.

AU - Antony, Benny

AU - Antriyandarti, Ernoiz

AU - Arabloo, Jalal

AU - Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin

AU - Aremu, Olatunde

AU - Armoon, Bahram

AU - Arora, Amit

AU - Aryal, Krishna K.

AU - Arzani, Afsaneh

AU - Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran

AU - Atalay, Hagos Tasew

AU - Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin

AU - Athari, Seyyede Masoume

AU - Atre, Sachin R.

AU - Ausloos, Marcel

AU - Awoke, Nefsu

AU - Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina

AU - Ayano, Getinet

AU - Ayanore, Martin Amogre

AU - Aynalem IV, Yared Asmare

AU - Azari, Samad

AU - Azzopardi, Peter S.

AU - Babaee, Ebrahim

AU - Babalola, Tesleem Kayode

AU - Badawi, Alaa

AU - Bairwa, Mohan

AU - Bakkannavar, Shankar M.

AU - Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar

AU - Bali, Ayele Geleto

AU - Banach, Maciej

AU - Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar

AU - Barac, Aleksandra

AU - Bärnighausen, Till Winfried

AU - Basaleem, Huda

AU - Basu, Sanjay

AU - Bay, Vo Dinh

AU - Bayati, Mohsen

AU - Baye, Estifanos

AU - Bedi, Neeraj

AU - Beheshti, Mahya Mahya Beheshti

AU - Behzadifar, Masoud

AU - Behzadifar, Meysam

AU - Bekele, Bayu Begashaw

AU - Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche

AU - Bell, Michellr L.

AU - Bennett, Derrick A.

AU - Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema

AU - Bernstein, Robert S.

AU - Bhat, Anusha Ganapati

AU - Bhattacharyya, Krittika

AU - Bhattarai, Suraj

AU - Bhaumik, Soumyadeep

AU - Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.

AU - Bijani, Ali

AU - Bikbov, Boris

AU - Birihane IV, Binyam Minuye

AU - Biswas, Raaj Kishore

AU - Bohlouli, Somayeh

AU - Bojia I, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa

AU - Boufous, Soufiane

AU - Brady, Oliver J.

AU - Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi

AU - Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich

AU - Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich

AU - Britton, Gabrielle B.

AU - Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath

AU - Busse, Reinhard

AU - Butt, Zahid A.

AU - Cámera, Luis LA Alberto

AU - Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.

AU - Cano, Jorge

AU - Car, Josip

AU - Cárdenas, Rosario

AU - Carvalho, Felix

AU - Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.

AU - Castro, Franz

AU - Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun

AU - Chatterjee, Pranab

AU - Chattu, Vijay Kumar

AU - Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna

AU - Chin, Ken Lee

AU - Christopher, Devasahayam J.

AU - Chu, Dinh Toi

AU - Cormier, Natalie Maria

AU - Costa, Vera Marisa

AU - Culquichicon, Carlos

AU - Daba, Matiwos Soboka

AU - Damiani, Giovanni

AU - Dandona, Lalit

AU - Dandona, Rakhi

AU - Dang, Anh Kim

AU - Darwesh, Aso Mohammad

AU - Darwish, Amira Hamed

AU - Daryani, Ahmad

AU - Das, Jai K.

AU - Das Gupta, Rajat

AU - Dash, Aditya Prasad

AU - Davey, Gail

AU - Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto

AU - Davis, Adrian C.

AU - Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil

AU - De la Hoz, Fernando Pio

AU - Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh

AU - Demissie, Dereje Bayissa

AU - Demissie, Getu Debalkie

AU - Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam

AU - Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar

AU - Deribe, Kebede

AU - Desalew, Assefa

AU - Deshpande, Aniruddha

AU - Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda

AU - Dhillon, Preeti

AU - Dhimal, Meghnath

AU - Dhungana, Govinda Prasad

AU - Diaz, Daniel

AU - Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi

AU - Djalalinia, Shirin

AU - Doyle, Kerrie E.

AU - Dubljanin, Eleonora

AU - Duko, Bereket

AU - Duraes, Andre Rodrigues

AU - Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad

AU - Edinur, Hisham Atan

AU - Effiong, Andem

AU - Eftekhari, Aziz

AU - El Nahas, Nevine

AU - El Sayed, Iman

AU - El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa

AU - El Tantawi, Maha

AU - Elema I, Teshome Bekele

AU - Elhabashy, Hala Rashad

AU - El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.

AU - Elkout, Hajer

AU - Elsharkawy, Aisha

AU - Elyazar, Iqbal RF

AU - Endalamaw, Aklilu

AU - Endalew, Daniel Adane

AU - Eskandarieh, Sharareh

AU - Esteghamati, Alireza

AU - Esteghamati, Sadaf

AU - Etemadi, Arash

AU - Ezekannagha, Oluchi

AU - Fareed, Mohammad

AU - Faridnia, Roghiyeh

AU - Farzadfar, Farshad

AU - Fazlzadeh, Mehdi

AU - Feigin, Valery L.

AU - Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad

AU - Fernandes, Eduarda

AU - Filip, Irina

AU - Fischer, Florian

AU - Foigt, Nataliya A.

AU - Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin

AU - Foroutan, Masoud

AU - Franklin, Richard Charles

AU - Fukumoto, Takeshi

AU - Gad, Mohamed M.

AU - Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye

AU - Gebre, Teshome

AU - Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork

AU - Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn

AU - Gesesew, Hailay Abrha

AU - Gezae, Kebede Embaye

AU - Ghadiri, Keyghobad

AU - Ghashghaee, Ahmad

AU - Ghimire, Pramesh Raj

AU - Gill, Paramjit Singh

AU - Gill, Tiffany K.

AU - Ginindza, Themba G.G.

AU - Gomes, Nelson G.M.

AU - Gopalani, Sameer Vali

AU - Goulart, Alessandra C.

AU - Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia

AU - Grada, Ayman

AU - Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen

AU - Gugnani, Harish Chander

AU - Guido, Davide

AU - Guimarães, Rafael Alves

AU - Guo, Yuming

AU - Gupta, Rajeev

AU - Hafezi-Nejad, Nima

AU - Haile, Dessalegn H.

AU - Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa

AU - Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin

AU - Haj-Mirzaian, Arya

AU - Hamadeh, Randah R.

AU - Hamidi, Samer

AU - Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes

AU - Haririan, Hamidreza

AU - Hariyani, Ninuk

AU - Hasaballah, Ahmed I.

AU - Hasan, Md Mehedi

AU - Hasanpoor, Edris

AU - Hasanzadeh, Amir

AU - Hassankhani, Hadi

AU - Hassen, Hamid Yimam

AU - Hegazy, Mohamed I.

AU - Heibati, Behzad

AU - Heidari, Behnam

AU - Hendrie, Delia

AU - Henry, Nathaniel J.

AU - Herteliu, Claudiu

AU - Heydarpour, Fatemeh

AU - Hidru I, Hagos Degefa de

AU - Hird, Thomas R.

AU - Hoang, Chi Linh

AU - Homaie Rad, Enayatollah

AU - Hoogar, Praveen

AU - Hoseini, Mohammad

AU - Hossain, Naznin

AU - Hosseini, Mostafa

AU - Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi

AU - Househ, Mowafa

AU - Hsairi, Mohamed

AU - Hu, Guoqing

AU - Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama

AU - Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel

AU - Igumbor, Ehimario U.

AU - Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen

AU - Ilic, Milena D.

AU - Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan

AU - Iqbal, Usman

AU - Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi

AU - Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful

AU - Iwu, Chinwe Juliana

AU - Izadi, Neda

AU - Jaca, Anelisa

AU - Jahanmehr, Nader

AU - Jakovljevic, Mihajlo

AU - Jalali, Amir

AU - Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra

AU - Jha, Ravi Prakash

AU - Jha, Vivekanand

AU - Ji, John S.

AU - Jonas, Jost B.

AU - Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy

AU - Kabir, Ali

AU - Kabir, Zubair

AU - Kahsay, Amaha

AU - Kalani, Hamed

AU - Kanchan, Tanuj

AU - Karami Matin, Behzad

AU - Karch, André

AU - Karim, Mohd Anisul

AU - Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza

AU - Karki, Surendra

AU - Kasaeian, Amir

AU - Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie

AU - Kasahun, Yawukal chane

AU - Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe

AU - Kassa, Gebrehiwot G.

AU - Kassa, Getachew Mullu

AU - Kayode, Gbenga A.

AU - Kazemi Karyani, Ali

AU - Kebede, Mihiretu M.

AU - Keiyoro, Peter Njenga

AU - Kelbore, Abraham Getachew

AU - Kengne, Andre Pascal

AU - Ketema, Daniel Bekele

AU - Khader, Yousef Saleh

AU - Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif

AU - Khalid, Nauman

AU - Khalilov, Rovshan

AU - Khan, Ejaz Ahmad

AU - Khan, Junaid

AU - Khan I, Md Nuruzzaman

AU - Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb

AU - Khatab, Khaled

AU - Khater, Amir M.

AU - Khater, Mona M.

AU - Khayamzadeh, Maryam

AU - Khazaei, Mohammad

AU - Khazaei, Salman

AU - Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein

AU - Khubchandani, Jagdish

AU - Kiadaliri, Ali

AU - Kim, Yun Jin

AU - Kimokoti, Ruth W.

AU - Kisa, Adnan

AU - Kisa, Sezer

AU - Kissoon, Niranjan

AU - KMShivakumar, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M.

AU - Kochhar, Sonali

AU - Kolola, Tufa

AU - Komaki, Hamidreza

AU - Kosen, Soewarta

AU - Koul, Parvaiz A.

AU - Koyanagi, Ai

AU - Kraemer, Moritz U.G.

AU - Krishan, Kewal

AU - Kugbey, Nuworza

AU - Kumar, G. Anil

AU - Kumar, Manasi

AU - Kumar, Pushpendra

AU - Kumar, Vivek

AU - Kusuma, Dian

AU - La Vecchia, Carlo

AU - Lacey, Ben

AU - Lad, Sheetal D.

AU - Lal, Dharmesh Kumar

AU - Lam, Felix

AU - Lami, Faris Hasan

AU - Lamichhane, Prabhat

AU - Lansingh, Van Charles

AU - Lasrado, Savita

AU - Laxmaiah, Avula

AU - Lee, Paul H.

AU - LeGrand, Kate E.

AU - Leili, Mostafa

AU - Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso

AU - Leshargie, Cheru Tesema

AU - Levine, Aubrey J.

AU - Li, Shanshan

AU - Linn, Shai

AU - Liu, Shiwei

AU - Liu, Simin

AU - Lodha, Rakesh

AU - Longbottom, Joshua

AU - Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.

AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan

AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed

AU - Mahadeshwara Prasad, D. R.

AU - Mahasha, Phetole Walter

AU - Mahotra, Narayan B.

AU - Majeed, Azeem

AU - Malekzadeh, Reza

AU - Malta, Deborah Carvalho

AU - Mamun, Abdullah A.

AU - Manafi, Navid

AU - Manda, Ana Laura

AU - Manohar, Narendar Dawani Dawanu

AU - Mansournia, Mohammad Ali

AU - Mapoma, Chabila Christopher

AU - Maravilla, Joemer C.

AU - Martinez, Gabriel

AU - Martini, Santi

AU - Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio

AU - Masaka, Anthony

AU - Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard

AU - Mathur, Manu Raj

AU - Mayala, Benjamin K.

AU - Mazidi, Mohsen

AU - McAlinden, Colm

AU - Meharie, Birhanu Geta

AU - Mehndiratta, Man Mohan

AU - Mehta, Kala M.

AU - Mekonnen, Tefera C.Chane

AU - Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael

AU - Memiah, Peter T.N.

AU - Memish, Ziad A.

AU - Mendoza, Walter

AU - Menezes, Ritesh G.

AU - Mereta, Seid Tiku

AU - Meretoja, Tuomo J.

AU - Mestrovic, Tomislav

AU - Miazgowski, Bartosz

AU - Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu

AU - Miller, Ted R.

AU - Mini, G. K.

AU - Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.

AU - Moazen, Babak

AU - Mohajer, Bahram

AU - Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad

AU - Mohammad, Dara K.

AU - Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin

AU - Mohammad, Yousef

AU - Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser

AU - Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh

AU - Mohammadifard, Noushin

AU - Mohammed, Jemal Abdu

AU - Mohammed, Shafiu

AU - Mohebi, Farnam

AU - Mokdad, Ali H.

AU - Molokhia, Mariam

AU - Monasta, Lorenzo

AU - Moodley, Yoshan

AU - Moore, Catrin E.

AU - Moradi, Ghobad

AU - Moradi, Masoud

AU - Moradi-Joo, Mohammad

AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar

AU - Moraga, Paula

AU - Morales, Linda

AU - Moreno Velásquez, Ilais

AU - Mosapour, Abbas

AU - Mouodi, Simin

AU - Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam

AU - Mozaffor I, Miliva

AU - Muchie, Kindie Fentahun

AU - Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw

AU - Munro, Sandra B.

AU - Muriithi, Moses K.

AU - Murray, Christopher J.L.

AU - Murthy, G. V.S.

AU - Musa, Kamarul Imran

AU - Mustafa, Ghulam

AU - Muthupandian, Saravanan

AU - Nabhan, Ashraf F.

AU - Naderi, Mehdi

AU - Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman

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AU - Naik, Gurudatta

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N1 - Funding Information:This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Velásquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Editorial note: the Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Funding Information:This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Velásquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Publisher Copyright:© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

PY - 2020/8

Y1 - 2020/8

N2 - Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

AB - Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088258024&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85088258024&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8

DO - 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85088258024

SN - 2214-109X

VL - 8

SP - e1038-e1060

JO - The Lancet Global Health

JF - The Lancet Global Health

IS - 8

ER -

Wiens KE, Lindstedt PA, Blacker BF, Johnson KB, Baumann MM, Schaeffer LE et al. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17. The Lancet Global Health. 2020 Aug;8(8):e1038-e1060. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8